Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study
Summary
Background
The contribution of various risk factors to the burden of stroke worldwide is unknown, particularly in countries of low and middle income. We aimed to establish the association of known and emerging risk factors with stroke and its primary subtypes, assess the contribution of these risk factors to the burden of stroke, and explore the differences between risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction.
Methods
We undertook a standardised case-control study in 22 countries worldwide between March 1, 2007, and April 23, 2010. Cases were patients with acute first stroke (within 5 days of symptoms onset and 72 h of hospital admission). Controls had no history of stroke, and were matched with cases for age and sex. All participants completed a structured questionnaire and a physical examination, and most provided blood and urine samples. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and population-attributable risks (PARs) for the association of all stroke, ischaemic stroke, and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke with selected risk factors.
Findings
In the first 3000 cases (n=2337, 78%, with ischaemic stroke; n=663, 22%, with intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke) and 3000 controls, significant risk factors for all stroke were: history of hypertension (OR 2·64, 99% CI 2·26—3·08; PAR 34·6%, 99% CI 30·4—39·1); current smoking (2·09, 1·75—2·51; 18·9%, 15·3—23·1); waist-to-hip ratio (1·65, 1·36—1·99 for highest vsvs lowest tertile; 18·8%, 11·2—29·7); regular physical activity (0·69, 0·53—0·90; 28·5%, 14·5—48·5); diabetes mellitus (1·36, 1·10—1·68; 5·0%, 2·6—9·5); alcohol intake (1·51, 1·18—1·92 for more than 30 drinks per month or binge drinking; 3·8%, 0·9—14·4); psychosocial stress (1·30, 1·06—1·60; 4·6%, 2·1—9·6) and depression (1·35, 1·10—1·66; 5·2%, 2·7—9·8); cardiac causes (2·38, 1·77—3·20; 6·7%, 4·8—9·1); and ratio of apolipoproteins B to A1 (1·89, 1·49—2·40 for highest vs lowest tertile; 24·9%, 15·7—37·1). Collectively, these risk factors accounted for 88·1% (99% CI 82·3—92·2) of the PAR for all stroke. When an alternate definition of hypertension was used (history of hypertension or blood pressure >160/90 mm Hg), the combined PAR was 90·3% (85·3—93·7) for all stroke. These risk factors were all significant for ischaemic stroke, whereas hypertension, smoking, waist-to-hip ratio, diet, and alcohol intake were significant risk factors for intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke. lowest tertile; 26·5%, 18·8—36·0); diet risk score (1·35, 1·11—1·64 for highest
Interpretation
Our findings suggest that ten risk factors are associated with 90% of the risk of stroke. Targeted interventions that reduce blood pressure and smoking, and promote physical activity and a healthy diet, could substantially reduce the burden of stroke.
Funding
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Canadian Stroke Network, Pfizer Cardiovascular Award, Merck, AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim.
INTERSTROKE national coordinators, investigators, and key staff Argentina R Diaz*, L Sposato, C Bahit, M Bianchi, A Pascual, M E Martin, P Schygiel, G Falcone, M Garrote. Australia J Varigos*, G Hankey*,
A Claxton, W Y Wang. Brazil A Avezum*, I Santos, M P Pereira, R Nakamura, K Takeuti, L Avezum, S Faria, M Teixeira, A Gaff ga, H Reis, A Lameira, M Friedrich, L C Marrone, J F K Saraiva, A C Carvalho,
I Rocha, V L Laet, M Coutinho, F Brunel, L Melges, C R Garbelini, A C Baruzzi, D A Reis. Canada M O’Donnell*, S Yusuf*, S Ounpuu, M K Kapral, J DeJesus, D Gladstone, G Valencia, P Teal, A Woolfendan, P Masigan, K Murray, J Sancan, A Shuaib, B Schwindt, F Silver, M Sharma, M Mortensen. Chile F Lanas*, S Saavera. China L Liu*, H Zhang, X Wang, W Wang, J Li, L Liu, Y Sun, J Chen, L Zhou, W Jia, Z Zhang, J Lv, C Zhang, G Chen, H Wang, L Liu, Y Zhang, Y Chen, H Zheng, Y Zhang, J Wang, J Huang, Z Deng, W Zhang, W Li, S Jia, J Wang, L Wang, J Wang, J Shi, W Gu, H Shao, Y Hu, H Song, R Ji, L Hao, J Zhang, F Hou, D Wang, J Li, L Meng, L Duan. Colombia P L Jaramillo*, G Sanchez, R Garcia, J Arguello, N Ruiz, D I Molina, A Sotomayor, K Sotomayor, M Suarez. Croatia Z Rumboldt*, I Lusic. Denmark T Truelsen*, H K Iversen, C Back, M M Petersen. Ecuador E Panaherrera*, Y C Duarte, S Caceres. Germany C Weimar*, A J Grau, B Bode, J Roether, H Wuttig, K Busch. India P Pais*, D Xavier*, A Sigamani, N P Mathur, P Rahul, D Rai, A K Roy, G R K Sarma, T Mathew, G Kusumkar, K A Salam, U Karadan, L Achambat, Y Singh, J D Pandian, R Verma, V Atam, A Agarwal, N Chidambaran, R Umarani, S Ghanta, G K Babu, G Sathyanarayana, G Sarada, S Navya Vani, R Sundararajan, S S Sivakumar, R S Wadia, S Bandishti, R Gupta, R R Agarwal, I Mohan, S Joshi, S Kulkarni, S Parthasaradhi, P Joshi, M Pandharipande, N Badnerkar, R Joshi, S P Kalantri, S Somkuwar, S Chavhan, H Singh, S Varma, H Singh, G K Sidhu, R Singh, K L Bansal, A Bharani, S Pagare, A Chouhan, B N Mahanta, T G Mahanta, G Rajkonwar, S K Diwan, S N Mahajan, P Shaikh. Iran S Oveisgharan*, R Kelishadi, A Bahonar, N Mohammadifard, H Heidari, A Dehghani, SA Mousavi. Kuwait O Albaker*. Malaysia K Yusoff *, A Chandramouli, N Syuhadamohd. Mozambique A Damasceno*, S Loureiro. Nigeria O S Ogah*. A Ogunniyi*, R Akinyemi, M Owolabi, A Oguunniyi, I O Onwuekwe, S Mahmoud, L Owolabi. Peru G Malaga*, Z Salazar, P Ponce de Leaon, E Najar, M Aphang. Philippines A L Dans*, M V Sulit, E Collantes, M del Castillo, D Morales, C Lagayan, M Candela, A Roxas, I Tan, C Recto, G Lau. Poland A Czlonkowska*, D Ryglewicz*, M Skowronska, M Restel, A Bochynska, K Chwojnicki, M Kubach, A Stowik, M Wnuk. South Africa L DeVilliers*, B Mayosi, D Magazi. Sudan A S A Elsayed*, A Bukhari, Z Sawaraldahab, H Hamad, M ElTaher, A Abdelhameed, M Alawad, D Alkabashi, H Alsir. Sweden A Rosengren*, M Andreasson, B Cederin, C Schander, A C Elgasen, E Bertholds, K Bengtasson. Thailand Y Nilanont*, N Samart*, T Pyatat, N Prayoonwiwat, N Phongwarin, N C Suwanwela, S Tiamkao, R Tulyapronchote, S Boonyakarnkul, S Hanchaiphiboolkul, S Muengtaweepongsa, K Watcharasakslip, P Sathirapanya, P Pleumpanupat. Turkey A Oguz*, A A K Akalin. Uganda C Mondo*, J Kayima, M Nakisige, S Kitoleeko, P Byanyima. UK P Langhorne*. USA R Sacco, L Hilbrich. *National coordinator.
* Adapted from The Lancet, Volume 376, Issue 9735, Pages 112 - 123, 10 July 2010 Published Online: 18 June 2010
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